Ninety‑third Amendment (2005)

About — Ninety‑third Amendment (2005)

The Ninety‑third Amendment (2005) inserted Articles 15(5) and 16(5) into the Indian Constitution, permitting the state to make special provisions—including reservations—in private unaided educational institutions for socially and educationally backward classes. Its significance lies in extending affirmative‑action measures beyond public institutions, a move upheld by the Supreme Court in M. Nagraj v. Union of India (2006).