Communalism, Regionalism and Secularism

Legislative measures to prevent communal violence (e.g., Prevention of Communal Violence Act)

Partition of India and its lingering trauma

Communal violence and riots

Rise of Hindutva ideology

Meaning, Types and Historical Roots

Article 14 – equality before law and prohibition of discrimination on religious grounds

Communalism

Preamble – declaration of India as a secular state

Regional Movements in Post-Independence India

Indian vs Western Secularism

Constitutional provisions for secularism and equality

Colonial legacy of divide‑and‑rule policies

Causes and Contemporary Manifestations

Regionalism, Federalism and Nationalism

Regionalism

Constitutional Provisions on Secularism

Role of State and Media in Combating Communalism

Secularism in India

Challenges to Indian Secularism

Son-of-Soil Concept and Its Implications